On the southern bank of London's river Thames, between St. Saviour's Church and Southwark Bridge Road, with its principal entrance in Park Street, was the renowned Anchor Brewery, which has held a reputation for strong ale from very early times. The Anchor Brewery no longer exists, but the Anchor Public House stand on the same site at 34 Park Street, Southwark, London SE1 9DN. This on the south bank of the river Thames, near London Bridge and Shakespeare's original Globe Theatre. It is about 250 metres north of Thrale Street.
[4]
We have met somewhere with an old couplet …
The nappy strong ale of Southwirke
Keeps many a gossip from the kirke.
That there were breweries here as far back as the fourteenth century, for Chaucer speaks of "the ale of Southwark" in his time; and readers of that poet will not have forgotten, among the inhabitants of this part;…
The miller that for dronken was all pale,
So that unethes upon his hors he sat.1
The Globe which was built in 1599 by actors Richard and Cuthbert Burbage was burnt down during a production of Henry VIII in 1613, three years before Shakespeare's death. The playhouse was rebuilt by July of the following year but like all other theatres, it was closed down by the Puritans in 1642, and it was destroyed in 1644 to make room for tenements having not reached its previous popularity and was demolished in 1644.
On the 28th December 1598, actors Cuthbert and Richard Burbage, fearing that the landlord would seize their theatre at Shoreditch, forestalled him by pulling down the building and transporting the materials to the south side of the Thames. A site had been acquired on Bankside and on it, in 1599, the Globe was erected.
Fourteen years later, in 1613, the thatched roof of the playhouse caught alight, as a result of the firing of cannon during a performance of Henry VIII, and in a short time the building was burned to the ground. The new building, erected in the following year, never attained the success of its predecessor and, on the expiration of the lease in 1644, was pulled down. The site became covered with buildings and, in 1777, passed into the possession of Henry Thrale to become part of his brewhouse.
Anchor brewery in Southwark was established by James Monger the Elder of Southwark in 1616 in the grimly-named Dead Man's Place, next to the site where the original Globe Theatre used to stand after it was burnt down in 1613. Monger was a ...
Citizen and Clothworker of London
The site on which the brewhouse was built was leased to him initially by Sir John Bodley for a term of 26½ years at an annual rent of £21 10s 0d. The freehold was purchased shortly after by Sir Mathew Brend, who sold it to "Hillarie Mempris, Cityzen and Haberdasher of London".
Hillarie Mempris, in turn, sold the "brewhouse in the tenure or occupation of James Monger" to John Partridge for the sum of £400. John Partridge bequeathed it to his daughter, Susannah, who later became the wife of Edward Noell of Clements Inn.
From that time until 1854, when the last of the property was purchased by Barclay, Perkins & Co., it remained part of "Noell's Estate".
In 1665 the brewhouse was in the tenure and occupation of James Monger, the Godson of the founder who had died in 1657. Halsey amassed a large fortune supplying beer to the army.
James - AKA Josiah - married to Ann Minnie at St. Botolph's, Aldersgate on 27 December 1659. An entry in the public records in April 1666 states:
The King to the Brewer's Company [16], and recommends James Child, merchant of London, who has done faithful service in supplying the navy with beer, and has bought a brewhouse in Southwark to brew for the household and navy, for admission as a free brother of the same company, for the same fee as the late Timothy Alsop the king's brewer paid …
Records of both the Brewers' Company and the Grocers' Company show that he was practising "the Art and Mistery of Brewing" in 1670; and, by so doing, getting into trouble with the former Company.
After being summonsed by the Court of the Brewers' Company on 7 October 1670, he became a member on 9 November 1671 before the Court of Aldermen [17].
After holding every office in the Brewers' Company, James Child was elected Master in 1693.
Like John Courage at Horselydown, James Child fancied a nautical symbol because of his connection with shipping and during his ownership the brewhouse became known as the Anchor. He supplied the navy with masts, yards and bowsprits as well as stores and beer.
His partner during this period, was a Bankside neighbour, Sir John Shorter, who became Lord Mayor of London in 1687, and had John Bunyan [18] - author of Pilgrim's Progress - as his unofficial Chaplain. King Charles [19] granted two brewing licenses to the Anchor brewery in 1690 and these, with their bulky seals, have been preserved.
Edmund Halsey had come to London from his birthplace in Hertfordshire. How he came to the brewhouse can only be a matter of conjecture, but it is known that the families of Halsey and Child were related.
Halsey's was one of the most spectacular success stories in brewing. He was the son of a St Albans miller who had come to seek his fortune in London after quarrelling with his father. He started at Southwark as a brewhouse 'Broomstick Clerk', the term for the lowly employee who swept the yard and performed other menial jobs. He later rose to be Chief Clerk.
Possibly, James Child, much preoccupied with his shipping interests, regarded the brewery as just a useful diversification and was glad of the services of young Edmund Halsey to take the routine work off his hands?
In 1692 he was receiving 20/- a week, half the salary of his master; and within 20 months had become a partner. There is no evidence that he purchased his partnership and, as the deed was drawn up on the 6th November, 1693, only ten days before his marriage to one of James Child's daughters - Anne. It might well have been his wife's dowry.
Child had a deep affection towards Halsey, describing him as…
my loving son-in-law.
From the date of the partnership, Halsey ran the business, and very efficiently, as the Cash Bulletin for the years 1693 to 1702 shows regular sums of upto £100 per week, large amounts in those days, were paid in excise duty; and in May, 1695, both he and Child drew £400 each in profits. In his cash book, he records that, apart from his normal salary, he also received a further weekly sum as brewer, kept a…
rideing horse at the Livery Stables chargeable to the brewery
and, in June, 1697, received £52…
as by consent of Mo: Child for manageing the trade last year.
Child died in September, 1696, and, by his will, directed that his estate be equally divided into three, one-third being left to Anne Child nee Minnie, his wife, and the remaining two-thirds to his daughters under the age of 21 years…
the rest of my children having had their portions already.
His widow retained her husband's interest in the brewhouse, Halsey paying her a weekly sum until her death in 1701.
During the first decade of the century Halsey amassed great wealth. Less than ten years after his first appearance at £1 a week in the firm's accounts, on the 11th May, 1696, Halsey lent King William III [25] £1,000. In 1698 he started to extend the Brewhouse and its trade.
On the 23rd May of that year he
payd Mr. Coleman for Green Draggon Brewhouse £275.
He paid large sums for new coppers and buildings and no doubt these included the extension of the business over the site of Shakespeare's play-house: also he paid £3,500 to a Mr. Clarke, Brewer.
A valuable source of income seems to have been derived from lending money. One interesting item, dated 22 April 1700, reads:
lent Tho: Winnett as per his noate £14. Lent Richd: Clarke as per his noate £15
In the margin, he added
Excise Officers.
In March, 1701, he paid interest on a sum of £1,200 borrowed from E. Williams, but in June of the same year he repaid the principal. By 1702 the last pages of his cash book record his personal expenditure: in 1701, £451 3s. 0d. and in 1702, £547 19s. 1.5d." and detail such items as:
Man's livery, new sadle and bridle, wine for Hunt, long wigs and short wigs, shoes, shirts and books and shooting for Tho. Halsey.
Edmund's wife, Anne, died in 1704. Thomas was his younger son, and both he and his brother, James, must have died young, for only Anne, his daughter, who married Richard, Lord Cobham, is mentioned in his will.
During the second decade he established his social position. In 1710 he stood for Parliament but was defeated. Later when his opponent died, however, he was returned as Member of Parliament for Southwark. This was disputed by Sir George Matthews who on the 14th January, 1711, petitioned the House of Commons, complaining of an undue return of Mr, Halsey, by bribery and other indirect practices, and also of partiality of the High Bailiff. The House resolved:
that Edmund Halsey is not duly elected
and also:
that the said Henry Martin, Esq. (the Bailiff) be for the said offence taken into custody of the Sergeant at Arms attending this House
He was employed for 30 years at 6/- a week in the brewhouse that was afterwards his own.
Later Halsey fought two successful elections in 10th May 1722 and 23rd January 1727. He represented the Southwark constituency on and off for about ten years.
Edmund Halsey was Governor of St. Thomas's Hospital in 1719, Master of the Brewers Company [16], and a Director of the South Sea Company [27]. He followed the practice of other successful citizens of the Borough by acquiring agricultural land and a country seat.
His son Thomas, whose schooling was mentioned in the accounts in 1702, died young as did his brother James. His only daughter, Anne, was successfully married off into the peerage to Sir Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham [28] of Stowe [29] from 1713 (1675-1749), friend of Alexander Pope [30].
In 1725 he bought The Castle [31] public House.
He was described in the parish records as "Lord of the Manor at Stoke Poges [32] where he was buried on his death in August 1729. His will assigned not only the property in Southwark but farms at Orpington and Boughton Monchelsea and properties at Newington, Camberwell, Croydon and Mitcham, was left to his wife and daughter, then to Lord Cobham for life, and failing issue of the marriage, to his niece, Anna Smith, of St Albans. Anna Smith was the sister of Ralph Thrale (1664-1711), the younger, who succeeded Halsey as the owner of the brewhouse and of whom Dr. Johnson wrote:
he was employed for 30 years at 6/- a week in the brewhouse that was afterwards his own.
[35]
When public affairs and his manifold interests were taking up much of his time, Edmund Halsey having no sons to follow him, brought a young man into the business. This was Ralph Thrale, born in 1698 [36], the only son of Ralph Thrale, the Elder [37] (1665-1711), a yeoman, of Offley, Hertfordshire, and Anne Halsey [38], the sister of Edmund Halsey.
He was described as…
a goodlooking fellow and as industrious as he was comely.
The locality
It seems likely that Ralph Thrale came to London to work in his uncle's Brewhouse after his father's death in 1711, aged around 13.
Samuel Johnson later wrote that Ralph Thrale…
worked at six shillings a week for twenty years in the great brewery which afterwards was his own.
Ralph learnt the business and did very well but managed to put his uncle's nose out of joint domestically. When Ralph took a wife in the early 1720's, he choose Mary Dabbins, whom his uncle was contemplating as a second Mrs. Halsey. The uncle seems to have accepted the situation without complaint at the time. On Edmund Halsey's death in 1729, eighteen years after Ralph Thrale started at the brewery, there was no mention of Ralph Thrale in his will.
Ralph Thrale … the greatest
brewer in England.
The brewery was inherited by Halsey's son-in-law, Viscount Cobham [28]. A peer of the realm could not be connected with a brewery, so Cobham had to sell. This proved difficult, so it was suggested that the brewery be transferred to Ralph Thrale, known as being a sensible, active and honest man. Security for the sale price of for thirty thousand pounds was taken on the property1. That Ralph Thrale was the owner in 1731 is indicated by his name on a deed concerning the Brewhouse.
Eleven years after buying the Anchor Brewhouse, Ralph had repaid the loan and was making a large fortune.
Ralph Thrale continued the expansion of the Brewhouse and purchased, amongst other land, a plot at Bankend upon which he built a waterworks to supply the business. Later these works were purchased by 'The Borough Water Works' a company which replaced the machinery worked by horses with a steam engine in about the year 1770.
Ralph expanded the business and by 1750 production rose to 46,100 barrels, equalling the other great London brewery - Benjamin Truman. The same year the net assets were £72,000, however at the time of his death eight years later the net assets were £56,000. At this time brewing was half as much as Trumans (60,000 barrels) and Whitbread [39] (64,588 barrels).
Ralph Thrale was Member of Parliament for Southwark between 25 June 1741 and 1747. He was also High Sheriff of Surrey, and Master of the Brewers' Company in 1748.
[40]
In 1747 William Hindley was convicted at the Old Bailey of stealing two Butts from Ralph Thrale2. Hindley's punishment was deportation.
Ralph had three daughters and a son called Henry Thrale [41]. Henry's allowance from his father was splendid, at least a thousand pounds a year.
Ralph used his riches to gave his four children the best education. Baron Cobham's esteem for Ralph gave him much attention, and his children associated with "men of first rank". Ralph used to say of his son Henry…
If this young dog does not find so much after I am gone as he expects, let him remember that he had a great deal in my own time.
Ralph Thrale died on 9 April 1758. Upon his death a popular London Magazine of the time described Ralph as …
the greatest brewer in England3.
[46]
In the early 1700s a style emerged that was popular with the laboring class of England, namely the street and river porters of London. The style was dark and characterized by roasted malts and became know as a Porter. Arthur Guinness took the idea back to Ireland, increased the dark roasted profile, and labeled it "Extra Stout". Thus emerged the new style of Stouts.
Peter the Great came to love the Porters during his trips to England and requested them to be sent to the Russian Imperial Courts. Unfortunately, the beer did not survive the long journey and arrived spoiled. The London brewers quickly responded by increasing the alcohol and hops, making a rich and hearty brew to survive the export. The best-known brewer of export stout was Thrale's Brewery.
In 1796 Thrale’s supplied porter "that would keep seven years" to the Empress of Russia. The author of The History and Antiquities of the Parish of St. Saviour, Southwark, said of Thrale’s beer at that time:
The reputation and enjoyment of Porter is by no means confined to England. As proof of the truth of this assertion, this house exports annually very large quantities; so far extended are its commercial connections that Thrale’s Entire1 is well known, as a delicious beverage, from the frozen regions of Russia to the burning sands of Bengal and Sumatra. The Empress of All Russia is indeed so partial to Porter that she has ordered repeatedly very large quantities for her own drinking and that of her court.
[47]
The powerful imperial version of stout was brewed for the Baltic trade and was popular at the court of the Russian Tsars. The beer that became Courage Russian Imperial started life in the Anchor brewery run by the Thrale family.
Barclay's Imperial Russian Stout had a long journey from London to Danzig and then into Imperial Russia, a journey made even more hazardous when the Baltic ports were blockaded by the French during the Napoleonic Wars. When the Russian trade dried up, Barclays - subsequently bought by a Scot of French Huguenot descent named John Courage - continued to brew small batches of Russian stout for the home market.
When Courage closed its historic Horsleydown brewery in London, production of the stout was moved to John Smith's brewery in Tadcaster. It was 10 per cent alcohol, brewed from pale, amber and black malts, with a touch of Pilsner malt, and around 24 pounds of Target hops per barrel — that is four times as many hops as are used in a conventional beer. The stout had an aroma of fresh leather and liquorice, with bitter black chocolate in the mouth, and a long finish packed with bitter dark fruit and hops. As with all strong bottle-conditioned beers, Imperial Russian Stout improves with age. In 1969 vintage it was still labelled Barclays.
Sadly, the beer did not long survive after Courage was taken over by Scottish Courage [48]. The annual brew became an occasional one and then petered out completely in the late 1990s.
More information on Russian Imperial Stout [49].
[52]Henry Thrale had been brought into the brewer business by his father in 1748. Ten years later, after his father's death1, Henry Thrale inherited the brewery aged 28. Dr. Johnson, said that Henry Thrale had…
Good sense enough to carry on his father's trade.
The brewery was situated in a 9 acre compound, with the clerks' quarters, store houses, vaults and vats, dung pits and stabling for nearly 100 horses. Here was brewed Thrale's Intire Porter which was well known as delicious…
from the frozen regions of Russia to the burning sands of Bengal and Sumatra.
Thrale's purl (beer) recipe » [53]Henry once said to Samuel Johnson…
I would not quit the brewery for an annuity of ten thousand pounds a year. Not that I get ten thousand a year by it, but it is an estate to a family.
Upstream towards Blackfriars Bridge2, some decent riverside houses had been built, but virtually everywhere else in the Borough3 there existed nothing more appealing than a jumble of workshops and poor workmen's cottages. The very names of the streets were cheerless. Brewery House [54] in which the Thrales and Samuel Johnson lived during the winter, stood attached to offices at the entrance to the brewery yard. The Thrales lived in Deadmans Place, which led into Dirty Lane on one side and Foul Lane on the other. Deadmans Place, according to tradition, took its name from the number of dead interred there in the Great Plague [55], soon after the Restoration [56]. It is the second turning on the left in Park Street, going from the Borough Market4. Maid Lane, which joined Deadmans Place at the river end - according to Dodsley5, published three years before Mrs Thrale's arrival - was…
a long straggling place with ditches on either side; the passages to the houses being over little bridges.
The whole area was subject to flooding. Over the road was Clink Street, handy for the Clink Prison, described at the time as…
a very gloomy hole.
The prison was burnt down in the Gordon Riots of 1780 [57], but even now prisons are colloquially known as 'the clink'. Virtually on the brewery premises was a noisy and dusty stonecutter's yard. Behind lay an old burial ground, and behind that, an open sewer. Then there were the tanneries and Messrs Potts's vinegar factory. Mixed in were odd patches of open space locals used as tenter grounds for stretching cloth.
[58]
Like his father, Henry expanded the business and in the first year of his ownership alone the value of plant and equipment rose from £3,569 to £7,110 as a result of upgrading to more modern production increasing equipment. Henry was a pioneer in using a hydrometer and was the first major brewer to use it, in contrast to Whitbread, who Henry was determined to out brew. The brewery was also well known for it famous Thrale's Russian Stout [59] and by 1760 Thrale had by become one of the top ten porter brewers in London. By 1760 Thrale's brewery was producing 30,000 barrels a year. In 1764, Henry purchase more land, including The Castle [60] inn. In 1772 Henry Thrale almost went bankrupt by the expense of a scheme for brewing beer without malt or hops. They were in debt to the tune of £130,0006. Hester Thrale raised money from her mother and other friends and cleared the debt in nine years. From this point on she took an active role in managing the brewery and again after Henry's stroke in 1779.
Hester Thrale was not averse to using her golden tongue in the day-to-day business. She wrote to the brewery manager John Perkins in 1773…
Cardess of the Blue Posts has turned refractory and applied to Huck's people who have sent him in beer. I called on him today however and by dint of unwearied solicitation - for I kept him at the coach-side for a full half hour - I got his order for six butts more.
The Globe site became covered in buildings and in 1777 it was purchased by Henry Thrale to expand the brewery. On 1 March 1779 Hester Thrale wrote of the brewhouse in Thraliana [60]…
The Government, for the second year, have taxed the brewery so as to curtail our particular income not less than two Thousand Pounds Sterling a Year.—dreadful Times!
Shortly after Henry Thrale's first stroke [62]7, Hester wrote…
In the midst of publick & private Distress, here is my mad Master going to build at the boro' House again:—new Store Cellars, Casks, & God knows what. I have however exerted my self & driv'n off his Workmen with a high Hand.—Is this a Time as Elijah say'd for oliveyards, & Vineyards? & Men Servants & Maid Servants? when our Trade & our profits are both decreasing daily? & the Nation itself stagnating with Imbecillity? I never saw any thing so absurd—surely his head is still confused; nothing but frenzy this Time excuse Expence to the amount of ten or twelve Thousand Pounds sure. "
In June 1779, she wrote in Thraliana…
I examined our own Collections at the Brewhouse this Morning, & found the Difference between last Year and this Year in the Weekly Collections for one Month only—this present Month of July—to be irnmense—no less than seven hundred & forty five Pounds short of the Collections for the same Weeks in June & July last Year 1778. I will draw the Account out over Leaf as I receive it from the Clerk, but I wrote the Sum down in Letters to shew that no manual Mistake could have been made.
A:D 1778.Town Trade only. | A:D 1779.Town Trade only. | ||
---|---|---|---|
£————— | £————— | ||
Four Weeks collection | 6340 : 12 : 4. | Four Weeks Collection | 5595 : 6 : 8. |
Additional Houses gain'd 14 | 350 : 0 : 0 | ||
————— | |||
6690 :12 : 4 | |||
5595 : 6 : 8 | |||
————— | |||
1095 : 5 : 6 |
Now here is a real defalcation of £745 : 5s: 6d—to which the Clerk judiciously added the Collection from the fourteen new houses gained into the Trade; for if things had stood as they did last Year, that Money would have been added ys Year, to the Receipts made the last Year; whereas now—tho' these houses have been gained into the Trade, the Trade is still Loser seven hundred & forty five Pounds, which with the Money collected from the new houses beside—amounts to no less than one Thousand & ninety five Pounds Loss, and that in the Space of a Month, four Weeks Collection only. This is a curious, tho' melancholy Speculation, we will push it a little farther; In this great Town we have six Capital Brew- houses; now suppose the Collections of each fall short as ours does [as no doubt they do; for our House is rather eminently prosperous; & besides some body must have Lost the Houses we have gained too], one Thousand Pounds pr Month: here is six Thousand Pounds worth of Beer less, sold in London ev'ry Month this Year than the last, I say in London, for I have not calculated the enormous Difference between either the Exportation or Country Trade; I believe the falling off in both those, but particularly the first, is more than could be dreamed of.—
On 21 January 1780 she wrote in Thraliana…
We shall brew but Sixty Thousand Barrels of Beer this Year! pretty Times indeed; and Mr Smelt saying he wishes we had more Taxes, & the King more power: I wish the King would put an End to this destructive War I'm sure; the Year before last we brew'd 96,000 Barrels—last Year only 76,000, & this Winter we shall scarece turn 60,000. So horribly is the Consumption lessened by the War.
### Theft
In February 1781, Hester wrote in Thraliana an account of how the Abroad-Clerk, Mr. Lancaster, stole £2,000 from the brewery…
After so much Inconstancy—as Boswell said8 when he was going to be married; we are at last settled in a ready furnished House Grosvenor Square [63] for the three following Months—and mean like Seged9 in the Rambler to be happy; the first Felicity however that I was saluted with on my Arrival, was an Account of Lancaster our favourite Abroad-Clerk10 running away with two Thousand Pounds: so I have been running after him I think into all the hiding Places of this filthy Town, & lost him at last. I am so afraid the Wretch will cut his own Throat, or do some desperate Act of Remorse—for he really was an honest Man once, & I feel Concern for him in the midst of the plagues he has been pleased to accumulate upon me. if he would have negotiated with me I would have protected the Creature from Thrale's & Perkins's Vengeance, but he would run away; so farewell Lancaster & 2000£— Mr Thrale does not mind it of a Pin, but then he is not in the humour to mind Expence of any sort; his Spirits are preternaturally high, and portend no Good I am sure; but Sir Richard11 will watch him & prevent a fit, the Apoplexy is now I verily think connected with Dropsy, & the mode of Danger is changed.—
[1]: grosvenor_square
[64] After 1765, Samuel Johnson came on the scene. His delight in London, coupled with his taste for paradox, did lead him to assert that Pepper Alley, a nearby lane leading down to the Thames, was as healthy a spot as Salisbury Plain and a much happier one. At the same time Johnson's feet were never far off the ground. When the local clergyman preached on friendship, he declared him a blockhead for choosing a subject so ill-fitted to such a busy place, where…
the men are thinking on their money, I suppose, and the women are thinking of their mops.
For friends and acquaintances, the brewery was a difficult place to visit. Cabmen could not find the way and boatmen one did not wish to. James Boswell one afternoon failed to persuade the boatmen at Hungerford Stairs - by Charing Cross - to go further than to ferry him over to the bank of the Thames immediately opposite, leaving him to walk the rest of the way. After all, there were few return fares to be picked up in Southwark. Later that night at 1 a.m., Boswell counted himself lucky to secure a hackney coach for the return journey. Society at Brewery House then, Hester Thrale found very circumscribed, particularly in her early years there. It was some consolation that she had two carriages at her disposal, and she took to paying extended daily visits to her mother in Dean Street, Soho. [65]
Johnson argued that Hester must come to terms with Southwark. To linger in the country, "feeding the chickens till she starved her understanding", would do her no good and in particular it would sour her relations with her husband. In November 1779 Johnson wrote to Hester that…
I do not see with so much indignation Mr Thrale's desire of being the first Brewer, as your despicable dread of living in the borough … it is the business of the one to brew in a manner most advantageous to his Family, and of the other to live where the general interest may best be superintended.
Four days later, he added…
You must take physick, or be sick; you must live in the Borough, or live still worse.
In Thraliana, Hester lamented…
the Borough Winter which of all other things I most abhor’, but determined that she must go to the Southwark house [55] '& hack at the Trade myself. I hate it heartily, yea heartily! but if living in Newgate would be right I hope I should be content to live in Newgate.
[4]: borough_or_brewery_house_1833
In another entry, she added…
My duty shall make it Pall Mall to me.
[66]
More than thirty years after Hester Thrale had departed from grim, run-down Southwark she wrote to her friend Sir James Fellowes…
The best years of my temporal existence — I don’t mean the happiest; but the best for powers of improvement, observation etc. — were passed in what is now Park Street, Southwark, but then Deadmans Place
Hester Thrale later compared the life of the wife of a country gentleman with that of a wealthy businessman…
There is no doubt but that the wife of a trader who flatters himself that he has three or four thousand pounds o' year, lives in much more splendour than the wife of a gentleman who has three or four thousand pounds o' year estate: for the commercial man gains by his business a familiarity with money, tho' totally unmingled with contempt of it, which the aristocrat cannot possibly obtain — who sees his cash so seldom, & finds it so necessary to his happiness. Meantime my country baronet or squire has what he thinks he has, & his wife knows how much and how little that amounts to — as well as himself: but the merchant's lady never is informed of her husband's circumstances any more than his whore is; she cannot be let in to the mysteries of a large & complicated business — probably she could not understand it if she was inform'd, more probably she would talk of it among her female companions, and most probably the acct. of it would interest her so little, she would drive away to the auction hoping wholly to forget it.
### Gordon Riots
The brewery had almost been burned to the ground a few months before Thrale's death12. The Gordon Riots, which broke out on 2 June 1780 and lasted until 9 June, were a fanatical Protestant protest, led by Lord George Gordon [57], against the modification of the Catholic disability law, which Parliament had consented to in 1779. On 10 June 1780 following the appearance of a notice in a Bath and Bristol paper of that date in which Henry Thrale was falsely asserted to be a papist, the Thrales left Bath. Fanny Burney wrote in her diary…
This villainous falsehood terrified us even for his personal safety, and Mrs. Thrale and I agreed it was best to leave Bath directly, and travel about the country.
We are not here to sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the potentiality of growing rich beyond the dreams of avarice.
— Dr. Samuel Johnson [59].
[7]: samuel_johnson
The brewery was attacked on 6 June 1780. According to Perkins obituary notice13, the mob came direct from the release of the Newgate prisoners which was also destroyed in the riots, dragging the chains as spoils. Perkins mildly protested…
it were a shame that men should be degraded by so heavy a load; and he would furnish them with a horse for that purpose:
The bait succeeded. Perkins gave them some porter and food and they departed with loud Hurrahs when the troops arrived. On 20 June 1780 Hester Thrale wrote this account of the riots in Thraliana [60]…
I got back to Bath again, and staid there till the Riots drove us all away the first Week in June:we made a dawdling Journey cross the Country to Brighton where all was likely to be at peace: the Letters we found there however, shewed us how near we were to Ruin here in the Borough; where nothing but the astonishing Presence of Mind shewed by Perkins in amusing the Mob with Meat & Drink & Huzzaes, till Sir Philip Jennings Clerke could get the Troops & pack up the Counting House Bills Bonds &c: & carry them which he did to Chelsea College for Safety;—could have secured us from actual Undoing, The Villains had broke in, & our Brewhouse would have blazed in ten Minutes; when a property of 150,000£ would have been utterly lost, & its once flourishing possessors quite undone. Let me stop here, to give God Thanks for so very undeserved, so apparent an Interposition of Providence in our favour.
I left Mr Thrale at Brighthelmston [60], & came to Town again to see what was left to be done: we have now got Arms, & mean to defend ourselves by Force, if further Violence is intended. whenever I come on these mad Errands, Dear Mr Johnson is sure always to live with me, & Sir Philip comes every day at some Hour or another:—Good Creature how kind he is! and how much I ought to love him! God knows I am not in this Case wanting to my Duty. I have presented Perkins by my Master's permission with two hundred Guineas, and a Silver Urn for his Lady, with his own Cypher on it, & this Motto—Mollis responsio, Iram avertit.
[9]: west_street_brighton
In fact Hester's letter of 29 June 1780, to Fanny Burney states…
My master was not displeased that I had given Perkins two-hundred guineas instead of one—a secret I never durst tell before, not even to Johnson, not even to you.
It is the greatest event of my life, I have sold my brew-house to Barclay the rich Quaker for £135,000.
— Hester Thrale [62] 1781.
[10]: hester_thrale_1741_1821
Henry Thrale died on 4 April 1781. Hester Thrale lacked the necessary technical knowledge necessary to run the brewery and was in the hands of the brewery manager John Perkins.
With a Thrale son, she might have allotted Perkins a larger share of the profits - he anyway had to be made a partner - and kept the business in the family. But, as things were, a sale was inevitable. Of the twelve Thrale children, all the boys died, and there were left just four daughters; and, as Dr Johnson said…
What can misses do with a brewhouse?
Had ages and circumstances fitted, the solution might have been to marry one of the daughters to Perkins. But probably not, for his heavy, no nonsense north country features and the ungainly body look altogether too proletarian to be acceptable to society Thrales.
[68]
John Perkins married someone else. His second wife, Amelia Bevan, was the widow of an important City Quaker who was also a grandson of the yet more important David Barclay the elder (1682-1769) - still known today for their bank. Through her, Perkins became part of a group of London rich with very different values to the Thrales. The Quakers brought up in a separate educational, cultural and social tradition, introduced an especial dedication and dynamism to business. John Perkins, Scottish-American David Barclay14 Robert barclay and Sylvanus Bevan, united to buy out the Thrale interest in the Anchor Brewery along with The Anchor [31] inn. It was sold by H. Thrale &. Co. on 31 May 1781 for 135,000 pounds sterling15 and started trading as Barclay, Perkins & Company. On 3 June 1781 Hester Thrale wrote in Thraliana [69]…
Well! here have I with the Grace of God, and the Assistance of good Friends, compleated—I really think very happily—the greatest Event of my Life:—I have sold my Brewhouse to Barclay the rich Quaker for 135,000£ to be in four Years Time Pd I have by this Bargain purchased Peace & a stable Fortune; Restoration to my original Rank in Life, and a Situation undisturbed by Commercial Jargon, unpolluted by Commercial Frauds; undisgraced by Commercial Connections: they who succeed me in the House have purchased the Power of being rich beyond the Wish of Rapacity, & I have secured the Improbability of being made Poor by the Flights of the Fairy Speculation.—'Tis thus that a Woman, & Men of feminine Minds, always—I speak popularly—decide upon Life, & chuse certain Mediocrity before probable Superiority; while as Eton Graham says sublimely —Nobler Souls, Tir'd with the tedious and disrelish'd Good, Seek their Employments in acknowledg'd Ill, Danger, and Toil and Pain. on this Principle partly, & partly on worse; was dear Mr Johnson something unwilling—but not much at last—to give up a Trade by which in some Years 15 or 16000£ had undoubtedly been got, but by which in some Years it's Possessor had suffered Agonies of Terror, & totter'd twice upon the Verge of Bankruptcy—Well! if thy own Conscience acquit—who shall condemn thee? not I hope the future Husbands of our Daughters, though I should think it likely enough: however as Johnson says very judiciously, they must either think right or wrong; if they think right, let us now think with them; if wrong,—let us never care what they think! so Adieu to Brewhouse and Borough Wintering, adieu to Trade & Tradesmen's frigid Approbation. May Virtue & Wisdom sanctify our Contract, & make Buyer & Seller happy in the Bargain.16 Mr Perkins saved the Place from the Rioters to enjoy the Dignity of it himself; he has now a fourth Share17, & will perhaps in Time be Master of it all; my Dear Sir Philip18 saved it for me & for my Children; I thanked him for it again today, and earnestly pray to God to bless him for his true, his tender Friendship: I think if ever one human Being loved & respected another that Man from his Heart loves & respects me. I have been, & am now exceedingly ill & Good Lord! how attentive, how kind he is! To him & my sweet Mrs Byron I sent the earliest Intelligence of the ease my Mind had received, they love me with more of their Souls than any body now alive I think. Few people will object to my Management, but Doctor Burney. he had set his heart on my Continuing in Business—I never knew why—but he thought it an exertion of Talents I believe & a proof of Superiority, Seward was urgent with me to quit, & the Attorney General, Wallace came over one Evening on purpose to perswade me. Mrs Montagu has sent me her Approbation in a Letter exceedingly Affectionate & Polite. Tis over now though, & I'll clear my Head of it, & all that belongs to it. I will go to Church, give God Thanks, receive the Sacrament, & forget the Frauds Follies & Inconveniencies of a Commercial Life this day
On 7 July 1781, Hester wrote…
We have had another hot storming Day last Tuesday 3: July about this everlasting Brew house, but 'tis over. Perkins wanted more Indulgence than we as Executors could give him; so I lent him the Money I had saved & put in the Stocks— 2000£ it was, & sold out for 1600£ & odd. He is, or ought to be much obliged; but when a Man has not all he wanted, nothing will make him quite happy19. The whole is now finished, & within three Months too. Tuto, Cito, Jucunde.—
Samuel Johnson - one of the executors of Henry Thrale's will [70], when challenged about the value of the property by the wary bankers, famously replied…
We are not here to sell a parcel of boilers and vats, but the potentiality of growing rich beyond the dreams of avarice.
At the junction of Bankside and Park Street (formerly known as Bank End) there stood in the 15th and 16th centuries an inn called the Castell upon the Hope with a wharf, houses and four cottages - so called because of its turreted walls.
In 1479 they were in the possession of John Eierby, citizen and fishmonger of London, who died in 1500 leaving them to his wife, Elizabeth, with the proviso that after her death they were to be sold and the proceeds devoted to:
deedes of almes and werkes of charity.
The Castle was one of the Stewhouses of Bankside [73]. Of the Southwark 'Stewhouses' - more commonly known to us as a brothel - John Stow [74] said…
Stew-houses had signs on their fronts, towards the Thames, not hanged out, but painted on the walls. Running a 'stew' was no casual affair; as early as 1162 an Act of Parliament required:
- No stew-holder or his wife should let or stay any single woman, to go and come freely at all times when they listed.
- No stew-holder to keep any woman to board, but she to board abroad at her pleasure.
- To take no more for the woman's chamber in the week than fourteen pence1.
- Not to keep open his doors upon the holidays.
- Not to keep any single woman in his house on the holidays, but the bailiff to see them voided out of the lordship.
- No single woman to be kept against her will that would leave her sin.
- No stew-holder to receive any woman of religion, or any man's wife.
- No single woman to take money to lie with any man, but she lie with him all night till the morrow.
- No man to be drawn or enticed into any stew-house.
- The constables, bailiff, and others, every week to search every stew-house.
- No stew-holder to keep any woman that hath the perilous infirmity of burning, not to sell bread, ale flesh, fish, wood coal, or any victuals, etc.'
Anyone caught flaunting these rules was severely dealt with by 'great pain and punishment'.
In 1506 John Sandes, the occupier, was presented by the constables at the Court Leet [75] of the Bishop of Winchester [76] for keeping his house open on feast days [77] and for allowing women to board there contrary to the regulations.2
In 1559 Alexander Amcottes sold to Vincent Amcottes, citizen and fishmonger of London, his messuage called "the Castell on the hoope" with a wharf and houses and four cottages adjoining on the east and "Cellers, Sollers, Gardeyns, Pondes, hedges and dyches" abutting on the land formerly of William Owghtred, knight, "late apperteynyng to the Churche of Saynt margarettes" on the south and:
extendeth in length from the kynges highewaye of olde tyme called the millwaye towardes the Easte unto the landes … sometyme of Sir Myles of Stapylton and Thomas Paterling and late belongyng to the churche of Saynte Margarettes … towardes the Weste.2
This is the little alehouse on Bankside where on 2 September 1666 Samuel Pepys [78]:
staid till it was dark and saw the fire3 grow.
Vincent Amcottes divided the property. The southern portion he sold in 1580 to Richard Spier. In the 17th century it was the subject of many lawsuits but in 1707 it was in the possession of Spier's great grandson who stated that two messuages and a dyehouse had been built thereon. It was bought by Ralph Thrale in 1739 and subsequently a watchhouse was built on part of it and the rest was used to widen Park Street.2
The northern portion was sold by Vincent Amcottes in 1562 to John Cheyne whose son and heir, Henry, on 30 January 1582/3, transferred it to John Drew under the description of:
all those two messuages … called the gonne and the castle with twoe gardeins thereunto adjoyninge and all those twoe tenementes on theast side next adjoynynge to … the Castell and all the gardein plattes and voyd groundes on the backsides of the same … and … all the wharfe which is betwene the foresaid messuages … and the River … and … the stayers and landinge place … sometyme in the tenure … of John Smythe carpenter … and all those three messuages … with gardens … sometyme in the severall tenures of William Clement Taillor, John Roo Chaundeler and Peter Hardinge, Blacksmythe.2
The last three houses had then been divided into six. John Drew died in 1595. By his will he left 40 shillings [79] to his tenants on Bankside to "make merry withall".2
His son John, who inherited the property, then known as Drew's Rents, got himself heavily in debt and had to sell his inheritance to James James, apothecary [80], to whom his son, another John, was apprenticed. There were then fourteen tenements in the rents.2
Another fire devastated the pub and it was rebuilt in 1676.
James James died in 1689 and the property was sold by his legatee, James Coysh, to Walter Gibbons who in 1725 sold it to Edmund Halsey [81].
In 1764 Henry Thrale [82], who had obtained a lease of the premises from Halsey's executors, bought the freehold. Among the records of Barclay Perkins and Co., Ltd. [83], is a note made just prior to this purchase stating that Mr. Edward Dodson had lived at the alehouse at the corner called the sign of the Castle for the previous seven or eight years.2
By the time Henry Thrale [82], purchased the property in 1764, a great many buildings had sprung up in the vicinity and the premises were in a tumbledown state and was pulled down.
In 1770 Henry let the on a building lease to William Allen on the condition that he put it to sober use and erect substantial houses or similar buildings on the site. Allen undertook to spend £1,000 within the next five years in building "good and substantial" messuages or warehouses on the site. Thus inn had been transformed from a place of ill repute to a plain and simple ale house.
The 18th century building included a minstrels' gallery [86], old oak beams and cubby holes to hide fugitives from nearby Clink Prison [87].2
The current Anchor building at 34 Park Street, London SE1 9EF was therefore erected in 1770–75 by William Allen for Henry Thrale, though the first mention of it by its present name which has been found is in a list of recognisances for 1822. It became the “brewery tap” for Thrale’s and then Barclay Perkins Brewery.
On the death of Henry Thrale [89] on 4 April 1781 the Anchor Brewery and associated buildings, of which The Castle site was part, were sold by auction [90] to David Barclay and his partner John Perkins for £135,000. By 1787, Joseph Bickerton was the tenant of the dwelling house, warehouses, stables and wharf.2
In June 2008, the Anchor recently underwent one of the most costly refurbishments in pub history, at a reported 2.6 million pounds sterling funded by the current owners Punch Taverns [91].2
Formerly known as Castle Street, Thrale Street is located in Bankside, London, not far from Park Street, the former site of Anchor Brewery [97].
View Larger Map [98]
Despite the new ownership of Perkins, Sylvanus and the Barclays, the brewery continued to be called "Thrale and Company" and later "H. Thrale and Company" until 1 Jan 1798 when the name "Barclay Perkins and Company" was adopted. The company was incorporated as "Barclay Perkins and Company Limited" in 1896.
Shortly after acquiring the Thrale Brewery, Barclay, Perkins & Company installed a Boulton & Watt steam engine (which was to last for a hundred years) as if to signal the resolve which was to turn the already very large business, henceforward known as the Angel Brewery, into the largest brewery in Europe and one of the sights of London.
David Barclay the younger was one of the slave owners to emancipate his slaves in Jamaica.
On 3 April 1797 Thrale and Co. were summoned to "answer complaint made against them for making casks on their premises." Since the 16th century on only Coopers Company in London were permitted to make brewers casks. The outcome of this case unknown.
[40]
By 1810 production had increased to over 200,000 barrels a year, making it - at that time - the biggest brewery in the world, occupying 13 to 14 acres of ground. Samuel Johnson was was right.
By 1815 Barclay, Perkins & Co. was the leading brewery in London, producing more than 330,000 barrels a year, with an extensive range of stabling, spacious enough to afford proper accommodation for 200 dray-horses. Visitors flocked to see the impressive Anchor brewhouse on the south side of Southwark Bridge, famous for its Russian Imperial Stout [105] which was widely sold on the continent.
[106]
On 22 May 1832 the majority of the buildings were destroyed in a fire when, it is believed, a lamp held by one of the employees of the brewery ignited. As the buildings were made of wood and contained very combustible material such as malt and hops, the fire spread quickly. A number of fire engines were brought in but the firemen and the brewery employees were unable stop the fire burning for many hours. As a consequence much of the brewery was rebuilt and extended. Victorian authors could not avoid pouring the celebrated porter into their books.
There are many references to Barclay's beer in the novels of Charles Dickens. Dick Swiveller claimed in the Old Curiosity Shop, published in 1840, that there was 'a spell in every drop against the ills of mortality'. It was a job at Barclay's Brewery that Micawber had in mind when he was 'waiting for something to turn up'.
[47]
Anchor Brewery employed some 430 men in 1850 and had the largest output of beer of any firm in London. Dr Johnson eventually had his face plastered all over the brewery's bottle labels, as Barclay's Doctor brand gained fame at home and abroad. An upright figure of the stout academic clutching a pint pot became the brewery's emblem. In 1899 the brewery was said to be one of the sights of London.
Shakespeare was not forgotten. In 1909 a bronze memorial was unveiled on the brewery wall in Park Street, showing a view of old Southwark, commemorating the fact that "Here stood the Globe Playhouse of Shakespeare, 1598-1613". When the company produced a Festival Ale in 1951 to mark the Festival of Britain, the Globe Theatre was featured on the label. John Perkins was killed at Brighton horse races by Lord Bolingbroke's horse, Highflyer. The horse had kicked out at an insect that was irritating it, and kicked Perkins in the head.
Barclay Perkins took over Style and Winch with the Dartford Brewery Company and the Royal Brewery Brentford in 1929. In 1951 the company began to establish the Blue Nile Brewery in Khartoum.
The Anchor Volunteers were raised in 1795 to protect the Anchor Brewery and other premises in Southwark against "riots tumults and unlawful meetings"1. The uniforms and arms were funded entirely by the brewery.
Further evidence of the Volunteers came with the recent purchase of military uniform by collector Christopher Bryant. He wrote…
I am a collector and dealer of 18th and 19th century British military antiques, and recently found in a provincial English auction in Sussex an unidentified old military jacket and shako [110], distinguished only by the device of an anchor on the shako and the buttons of the jacket. The auction house clearly had no idea what they were, but I recognized from a photo on their website that they were c.1810 in date - this pattern of shako was only worn in the British army between c.1807 and 1812. In fact, this may be the only surviving example of this form of infantry shako worn by an other rank left in existence.
Naturally I bought them, and then set about trying to identify what unit they related to. The auction house could only tell me they were consigned along with a group of pub decorations by a commercial firm. I had a stroke of luck when I checked with an old veteran dealer in British militaria, who said the pieces matched exactly photos he'd been shown of the same items about fifteen years ago, then on display in the offices of the Courage Brewery. Looking at the history of Courage, I noticed they had bought out the Anchor Brewery, from Barclay, Perkins & Co [83].
Another stroke of luck revealed via a Google search of "Barclay & Perkins" combined with "Volunteer" I found an on-line transcription of a book called Napoleon and the Invasion of England; The Great Terror" - by H.F.B. Wheeler and A.M Broadley [113]2 which included the following reference:
In the dining room of the historic brewery which Dr. Johnson managed for a brief period as the executor of his friend Mr. Thrale, the representatives of Messrs. Barclay, Perkins & Co. preserve the helmets and accoutrements of some of the Loyal Southwark Volunteers of the time of the Great Terror. Their war-song, written by and officer of the corps, was short but to the purpose:—
Hark! the threats of Invaders resound thro' the air,
See! a vengeful and menacing foe—
Already the warriors for conquest prepare,
Our Riches, our Beauty, already they share,
Our Cities and Commerce lay low:—But conquest and plunder by Britons withstood,
Shall sink with the boasters in waves;
Or the soil which our Forefathers nurtured in blood
Shall drink from our veins the rich vital flood,
Ere Britons submit to be slaves.
So that was the mystery solved. I also found on-line an image of one of the c.1798 Rowlandson prints of the Loyal Volunteers of London & Environs, which shows a one of the Southwark Volunteer units in a red jacket with black facings.
The explicit and repeated use of the fouled anchor [115] as the one and only device is a very interesting early example of corporate branding sponsorship - presumably the great majority of the men in this unit would have been drawn from among the employees of the Anchor Brewery, and I wouldn't be surprised to find that Barclay & Perkins had paid for the equipage of the corps, which would explain why some of it remained in their offices. In fact Wheeler and Broadley have evidently misidentified the unit - there was one at the time called the Loyal Southwark Volunteers, but they are recorded as having a different uniform. The St. Saviours Volunteers, however, as shown by the 1798 print, did wear a red coat with black facings and silver or white metal buttons.
The cut of military jackets had evolved fairly universally to the style displayed by my jacket by c.1810, while the style of shako was worn only from c.1807 to 1812. Further evidence is found in the list of officers of the St. Saviours Volunteers, which shows that the senior Captain from 1804 was Frederick Perkins, partner with his brother Henry in Barclay, Perkins & Co.
Also, this small unit of approximately 150 men was unusual in accepting no support or pay from the government, which both suggests that the firm paid all the expenses, and thus also explains why the examples of uniform and accoutrements were left in the firm's offices.
The name "Morgan" is written in the shako, and I wonder if it would be possible to try and trace any pay lists of the Southwark Volunteers of the period to identify the actual Sergeant. Otherwise perhaps a parish registry? Any suggestions as to how I might go about that process would be much appreciated. I would be grateful if you could let me know of any other suggestions you may be able to offer of how I might go about researching the history of this unit of volunteers in relation to Barclay, Perkins & Co.
Christopher Bryant [116]
Manchester by the Sea, Massachusetts
Visitors to Barclay's brewery during the 19th century included many of the leading figures of the day ranging from King Edward VII [120], Prince of Wales [121], to Bismarck [122] and Napoleon III [123]. But one other visitor sparked an international incident. The Austrian General Haynau [124] was notorious for the brutality with which he put down rebellions in Hungary and Italy. So the ink had scarcely dried on his name in the visitors' book in 1850 when the word spread that the 'Hyena' was in the brewery. The General and his companions had barely crossed the yard, reported The Times, when he was attacked by draymen and brewery workers with brooms and stones, shouting 'Down with the Austrian butcher'.
Haynau fled along Bankside pursued by the angry men and took refuge in the George pub (77 The Borough), from which he was rescued by the police with difficulty, and spirited away by boat across the river. The Austrian ambassador demanded an apology, but the Foreign Secretary Lord Palmerston [125] sided with the brewery men, saying…
they were just expressing their feelings at what they considered inhuman conduct by a man who was looked upon as a great moral criminal.
Only after the intervention of a furious Queen Victoria [127] and the threatened resignation of Palmerston [128] was a more conciliatory letter sent to Vienna. Even then Austria was still so resentful that it sent no representative to the funeral of the Duke of Wellington [129] in 1852.
Public feeling in England was completely on the side of the draymen, who became the heroes of many a street ballad. When the Italian revolutionary Garibaldi [130] visited England in 1864, he insisted on visiting the brewery to thank "the men who flogged Haynau".
John Courage was a shipping agent at Aberdeen. He moved to London and founded a business in 1787 when he purchased a brewery in Southwark. The company - known as Courage & Donaldson between 1797 and 1851 - was a London brewery. In the inter-war years it extended its operations to the England's Home Counties, however, its customer base rested on the thirst of London's dockers. In the 1950s the docks began to decline. Courage responded with mergers and acquisitions most of them in southern England.
[133]
In 1955 the company merged with its great Southwark rival Barclay & Perkins. After the 1955 merger the brewery was known as Courage, Barclay & Company Limited. From 1960 it was known as Courage, Barclay, Simonds & Company Limited.
Brewing ceased in 1962, after which the site was used to build a huge bottling factory, appropriately called the Globe Bottling Store.
The company was renamed Courage Limited in October 1970.
The Anchor Brewery finally closed in 1981 and the buildings were demolished. The land was sold for redevelopment as housing. All brewing being transferred to a new brewery at Worton Grange, Reading, Berkshire.
The remains of the ancient Globe Theatre were discovered during redevelopment on the old brewery site in 1989, and after seven years of campaigning led by Sam Wanamaker, a reconstructed Globe Theatre was opened to the public in August 1996 with a performance of The Two Gentlemen of Verona, the first production held on the site for more than 350 years.
The Anchor public House [134] - the old brewery tap pub - is still open.
Links
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[5] http://www.british-history.ac.uk/old-new-london/vol6/pp29-44
[6] http://www.thrale.com/category/tags_38
[7] http://www.thrale.com/category/tags/between_1724_and_1729_1781
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[16] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Brewers
[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Aldermen
[18] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bunyan
[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_II_of_England
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[25] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III
[26] http://www.thrale.com/samuel_johnson
[27] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble
[28] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Temple,_1st_Viscount_Cobham
[29] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowe%2C_Buckinghamshire
[30] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Pope
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[39] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Whitbread_(brewer)
[40] http://www.thrale.com/book/export/html/344
[41] http://www.thrale.com/henry_and_hester
[42] http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t17470225-17
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[48] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Courage
[49] http://allaboutbeer.com/learn-beer/history/2002/03/imperial-russian-stout/
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[53] http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new2?id=Joh4Ram.sgm&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&tag=public&part=34&division=div2
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[55] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plague_of_London
[56] http://www.thrale.com/borough_or_brewery_house_1833
[57] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Gordon_Byron%2C_6th_Baron_Byron
[58] http://www.thrale.com/sites/all/libraries/tng/photos/anchor-brewery-c1820-john-thomas-smith-1766-1833.jpg
[59] http://www.thrale.com/russian_stout
[60] http://www.thrale.com/thraliana_diary_mrs_hester_lynch_thrale
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[62] http://www.thrale.com/henry_thrale_1779_stroke
[63] http://www.thrale.com/ralph_thrale_mp_owner_1729_1758
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[69] http://www.thrale.com/thraliana
[70] http://www.thrale.com/henry_thrales_will
[71] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/233%23comment-form
[72] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/233%23comment-form
[73] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankside
[74] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stow
[75] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_Leet
[76] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Foxe
[77] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_Feast
[78] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepys
[79] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_shilling_coin
[80] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary
[81] http://www.thrale.com/edmund_halsey_mp_owner_1696_1729
[82] http://www.thrale.com/henry_thrale_17249_1781
[83] http://www.thrale.com/barclay_and_perkins_company_limited_owner_1781_1955
[84] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/the_anchor_2008_june_14.jpg
[85] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/pictures/the-anchor_sign.jpg
[86] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minstrels%27_gallery
[87] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clink_prison
[88] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/david_barclay_after_zoffany.png
[89] http://www.thrale.com/henry_thrales_death
[90] http://www.thrale.com/henry_thrale_mp_owner_1758_1781%23Saleofthebrewery
[91] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_Taverns
[92] http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anchor_Bankside&oldid=331241399
[93] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_fire_of_london
[94] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/pictures/thrale_street_sign_0.jpg
[95] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/796%23comment-form
[96] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/796%23comment-form
[97] http://www.thrale.com/anchor_brewery
[98] http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&client=firefox-a&q=Thrale+Street&ie=UTF8&hq=&hnear=Thrale+St,+London+SE1+9HW,+United+Kingdom&ll=51.505056,-0.094424&spn=0.002337,0.007349&z=17&source=embed
[99] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/pictures/thrale_house-thrale_street.jpg
[100] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/pictures/1987_49_thrale_street.png
[101] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/pictures/thrale_street_residence.jpg
[102] http://www.thrale.com/category/tags_37
[103] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/331%23comment-form
[104] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/331%23comment-form
[105] http://www.thrale.com/thrale_russian_stout
[106] http://www.thrale.com/sites/all/libraries/tng/photos/burning_anchor_brewery_clarkson_stanfield_1832.jpg
[107] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/3175%23comment-form
[108] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/3175%23comment-form
[109] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/anchor_volunteers.png
[110] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shako
[111] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/st_saviours_volunteer_uniform_jacket.jpg
[112] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/st_saviours_volunteer_uniform_shako.jpg
[113] http://books.google.com/books?id=nU4weURIRA8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Napoleon+and+the+Invasion+of+England%3B+The+Great+Terror&ei=mdTeS_uxNImUNc6-sdcE&cd=1#v=onepage&q&f=false
[114] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/st_saviours_volunteer_uniform_drawing_rowlandson.png
[115] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_%28nautical%29
[116] mailto:christopher@caplines.com
[117] http://www.thrale.com/image/three_centuries_story_our_ancient_brewery_barclay_perkins_co_ltd
[118] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/326%23comment-form
[119] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/326%23comment-form
[120] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Edward_VII
[121] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom
[122] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck
[123] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III
[124] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Jacob_von_Haynau
[125] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple%2C_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston
[126] http://www.thrale.com/sites/all/libraries/tng/photos/haynau_plaque_park_street.png
[127] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria
[128] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston
[129] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington
[130] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garibaldi
[131] http://www.thrale.com/user/login?destination=comment/reply/283%23comment-form
[132] http://www.thrale.com/user/register?destination=comment/reply/283%23comment-form
[133] http://www.thrale.com/sites/default/files/books/barclay_perkins_park_street_postcard.png
[134] http://www.pubs.com/main_site/pub_details.php?pub_id=21